Many people think of Moscow first when they hear about the Kremlin and Red Square, but the city has much more to offer. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is the largest city in Europe and one of the most dynamic metropolises in the world. Those who visit Moscow experience a city that is constantly in motion while still remaining aware of its history.

• Historical Sights: From the Kremlin to St. Basil's Cathedral – Moscow is a paradise for history enthusiasts.
• Modern Skyscrapers: The Moscow City district showcases a futuristic side of the city with its impressive skyline.
• Art and Culture: Numerous theaters, museums, and galleries make Moscow a center of Russian culture.
• Impressive Metro Stations: The Moscow Metro is not just a means of transportation, but a work of art in itself.
• Diverse Gastronomy: From traditional Russian cuisine to international haute cuisine – Moscow is a culinary experience.

• Area: 2,561 km² (almost twice the size of Berlin)
• Population: approx. 13 million (metropolitan region over 20 million)
• Foundation: 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky
• Tallest Building: Federation Tower (374 m)
• Landmarks: Kremlin, Red Square, Saint Basil's Cathedral
• River: Moskva, runs through the city for 80 km
• Metro: One of the deepest and most beautiful subway systems in the world with over 250 stations
• Climate Zone: Continental climate with cold winters and hot summers
• Famous Streets: Arbat Street (historic promenade), Tverskaya Street (main boulevard)
• Sports: Home to Spartak Moscow, CSKA Moscow, and Dynamo Moscow
• Universities: Lomonosov University (one of the most prestigious universities in Russia)
• Notable Bridge: Krymsky Bridge, connects historic and modern neighborhoods
• Popular Drink: Kvas – a fermented drink made from bread
• Economy: Moscow is Russia's financial center with the most billionaires in the world

5 Curious Facts About Moscow

Moscow is full of surprises! Did you know that...

1. The Moscow Metro can be used as a bomb shelter? Some stations were built so deep that they can serve as protection spaces in case of war.
2. The famous Lenin Mausoleum served as a laboratory for years? The embalmed Lenin was preserved there under special conditions – a technique that was later used on other leaders like Ho Chi Minh.
3. There is a secret tunnel system under the Kremlin? Many claim that secret escape routes lead far outside the city.
4. Moscow has more billionaires than any other city in Europe? The metropolis is considered one of the most expensive cities in the world.
5. The Saint Basil's Cathedral was almost destroyed? Stalin wanted to tear it down, but architect Baranowski refused – he was arrested as punishment.

Moscow was first mentioned in writing in 1147, when Prince Yuri Dolgoruky built a small fort on the Moskva River. Within a few centuries, the settlement developed into one of the most significant political and economic centers of Russia. In the 14th century, Moscow became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, displacing Kiev as the cultural and religious center.

Tsarist Era and Empire

With the coronation of Ivan the Terrible as the first Tsar of Russia in 1547, the era of tsarist rule began. Moscow became the stronghold of Russian power until Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712. Nevertheless, Moscow remained the spiritual heart of Russia and played a central role during the Napoleonic invasion in 1812.

Soviet Era and Cold War

After the October Revolution in 1917, Moscow became the capital once again. Under Soviet leadership, the city grew rapidly; Stalin had gigantic monumental buildings constructed, and the Moscow Metro was built. During the Cold War, Moscow became the center of the Soviet Union and evolved into one of the most important political cities in the world.

Modern Moscow – The City of Superlatives

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moscow transformed from a communist stronghold into a capitalist center with luxury shops, towering skyscrapers, and a booming financial sector. Today, it is a city that uniquely blends tradition and progress.

Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts (Okrugs), which are further subdivided into a total of 125 districts (Rayons). Each district has its own character – from historic neighborhoods in the center to modern residential areas in the outer districts.

An Overview of All Districts and Neighborhoods of Moscow

District (Okrug)	Neighborhoods (Rayons)	Highlights
Central District (Центральный округ)	• Arbat • Basmanny • Chamowniki • Yakimanka • Kitai-Gorod • Krasnoselski • Meschtschanski • Presnenski • Samoskvorechye • Taganski • Tverskoy • Zamoskvorechye	• Kremlin and Red Square • Historic old town with grand boulevards • Luxurious shops and restaurants
North District (Северный округ)	• Aeroport • Beskudnikovo • Degunino (East) • Degunino (West) • Dmitrovsky • Golovinsky • Koptevo • Levoberezhny • Molschanovka • Savyolovsky • Timiryazevsky	• Residential areas with Soviet architecture • Proximity to Zhukovsky Military Institute
Northeast District (Северо-Восточный округ)	• Alexeyevsky • Altufyevsky • Babushkinsky • Butyrsky • Yuzhnoye Medvedkovo • Losinoostrovsky • Marfino • Otradnoye • Rostokino • Sverdловский • Yuzhnoye Butovo	• VDNH (former exhibition of the Soviet Union) • Moscow Botanical Garden
East District (Восточный округ)	• Bogorodskoe • Golyanovo • Ismailovo • Kosino-Uchtomsky • Metrogorodok • Perovo • Preobrazhenskoye • Severny Ismailovo • Sokolinaya Gora • Veshnyaki • Vostochnoye Ismailovo	• Ismailovski Park and Kremlin • Traditional markets • Soviet architecture with many apartment blocks
Southeast District (Юго-Восточный округ)	• Kapotnya • Kuzminki • Lefortovo • Lyublino • Maryino • Nekrasovka • Nizhny Kotly • Perovo • Ryazanovsky • Textilshchiki • Vykhino-Zhulebino	• Industrial areas • Parks and lakes in the Maryino district • Soviet residential blocks
South District (Южный округ)	• Biryulyovo Vostochnoe • Biryulyovo Zapadnoe • Brateyevo • Danilovsky • Nagatinsky • Nagorny • Orekhovo-Borisovo Severo • Orekhovo-Borisovo Yugo • Cheratanskoe • Zyuzino	• Mixture of industrial and residential areas • Kolomenskoye Park • Historic churches and monasteries
Southwest District (Юго-Западный округ)	• Akademicheski • Gagarinsky • Yasenevo • Konkovo • Lomonosovsky • Obrutshevski • Prospekt Vernadskogo • Troparyovo-Nikulino • Chertanovo Central	• Residential area for scientists • Proximity to Lomonosov University • Quiet, upscale neighborhoods
West District (Западный округ)	• Dorogomilovo • Fili-Davydkovo • Krylatskoye • Kuntsevo • Moschaiski • Novo-Peredelkino • Okhotny Ryad	• Proximity to the business district "Moscow City" • Parks and villa neighborhoods
Northwest District (Северо-Западный округ)	• Khoroshevo-Mnevniki • Kurkino • Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo • Shchukino • Severny Tushino • Yuzhny Tushino • Strogino	• Residential districts with high quality of life • Proximity to the Moscow River
New Moscow District (Троицкий и Новомосковский округ)	• Butovo • Mosrentgen • Troitsk • Vnukovo	• Newly developed residential areas • Vnukovo Airport

Moscow is located in the western part of Russia and is traversed by the Moskva River. The city has a continental climate with hot summers and extremely cold winters.

Season	Temperature (avg)	Precipitation
Winter	-10 to -20°C	Snow, ice
Spring	5 to 15°C	Moderate
Summer	20 to 30°C	Warm, occasional thunderstorms
Autumn	5 to 15°C	Cool nights, rain

Moscow is a city of superlatives – and this is reflected in its landmarks. From historic cathedrals to gigantic squares and modern skyscrapers, there are countless impressive places to visit. Here are some of the most important sights you shouldn't miss during your visit:

• Kremlin and Red Square – The political heart of Russia, filled with magnificent palaces and museums
• St. Basil's Cathedral – A colorful landmark featuring world-famous architecture
• Moscow Metro – One of the most beautiful subway systems in the world, often referred to as "Palaces of the People"
• Moscow City – The modern financial district with the tallest buildings in Europe
• Christ the Savior Cathedral – One of the largest Orthodox churches in the world

The Kremlin and Red Square – The Heart of Moscow

The Kremlin is the political and historical center of Russia. Here resides the president, and within its walls are several cathedrals, museums, and the famous Tsar Bell Tower. Right in front is the Red Square, one of the most famous squares in the world.

Highlights of Red Square include:

• St. Basil's Cathedral – One of the most famous churches in the world with its colorful onion domes
• Lenin Mausoleum – The final resting place of the revolutionary leader Lenin
• GUM Department Store – A luxurious shopping center with impressive architecture

The Moscow Metro – An Underground Artwork

The Moscow Metro is not just a means of transportation, but a true attraction. Many stations are designed like palaces, adorned with chandeliers, mosaics, and marble columns. Notable stations include Komsomolskaya, Kievskaya, and Mayakovskaya.

Moscow City – The Skyline of Moscow

While Moscow is known for its historic buildings, there is also a modern side. The Moscow City district is the financial center of the city and is home to some of the tallest skyscrapers in Europe. Here you will find:

• Federation Tower (374 m) – The tallest building in Russia
• Evolution Tower – An architectural highlight with its distinctive spiral shape
• Moscow TV Tower (Ostankino Tower) – At 540 m, one of the tallest towers in the world

A Perfect Route for the Main Attractions

If you want to explore the highlights of Moscow in one day, follow this route:

1. Start at Red Square and visit the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral, and GUM.
2. Take the Moscow Metro and visit the most beautiful stations.
3. Make a stop at Christ the Savior Cathedral, from whose observation deck you will have a great view of Moscow.
4. Visit the Moscow City district to experience the modern side of the city.
5. End the day at Arbat, a famous pedestrian zone with restaurants and souvenir shops.

Tip: Buy a Metro Day Pass to quickly get from one sight to the next.

Moscow is traversed by several rivers and bodies of water that not only shape the city's landscape but also played an important historical role.

The Most Important Waterways of Moscow

Waterway	Features	Length / Size
Moscow River	Main river of the city, flows through Moscow for 80 km	502 km
Yauza River	Tributary of the Moscow River, flows through the old town	48 km
Setun River	Nature reserve along the river	38 km
Moscow Canal	Connects Moscow with the Volga, important for water supply	128 km
Chistye Prudy (Clean Ponds)	Historic ponds in the city center, popular recreational area	-

Good to know: The Moscow River is the most important waterway of Moscow. Along the banks, there are many parks and sights, and in the summer months, you can take a boat tour.

Moscow is the economic and cultural center of Russia. The city not only has the largest population in Europe but also a strong economic performance and numerous renowned universities.

What does the population of Moscow look like?

With over 13 million inhabitants, Moscow is the most populous city in Europe. Here are some interesting numbers:

• Population: approx. 13 million (metropolitan area over 20 million)
• Average age: 40 years
• Origin: 91% Russians, 9% other nationalities (including Ukrainians, Tatars, Armenians, Azerbaijanis)
• Language: Russian (other languages are hardly spoken)
• Largest religious groups: Russian Orthodox, Islam, Judaism

Which industries are particularly strong in Moscow?

Moscow is the financial center of Russia and plays a key role in various economic sectors. Important industries include:

• Energy & Raw Materials – Many Russian oil and gas companies are based here.
• Finance & Banking – Moscow is the most important banking center in Russia.
• Technology & IT – The city is increasingly developing into a technology hub.
• Automotive Industry – Some Russian car brands have production facilities in Moscow.
• Tourism & Luxury Goods – Moscow is one of the most expensive cities in the world.

Education and Universities

Moscow is home to some of the most prestigious universities in Russia. Here are the most important institutions:

• Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU) – One of the oldest and most respected universities in Russia.
• Moscow State Technical University of Bauman – Known for engineering sciences.
• Higher School of Economics (HSE) – Leading in economics and social research.

Moscow is a city that offers vibrant events all year round. Whether traditional Russian festivals, spectacular parades, or international sports events – there is always something happening here. The celebrations for New Year and Victory Day are particularly impressive, and cultural festivals and music events are also highlights for visitors.

The Most Important Festivals and Events in Moscow

• New Year and Christmas Celebrations (December – January) – Russia celebrates Christmas according to the Julian calendar on January 7, but the New Year festivities begin at the end of December with spectacular fireworks, ice rinks, and winter markets.
• Victory Day (May 9) – One of Russia's most significant holidays, featuring a massive military parade on Red Square and fireworks throughout the city.
• Moscow Film Festival (June – July) – One of the oldest international film festivals featuring entries from around the world.
• Moscow City Day (first weekend in September) – Grand celebrations with parades, concerts, and fireworks to celebrate the city’s birthday.
• Spasskaya Tower Festival (late August – early September) – An international military music festival with spectacular performances in front of the Kremlin.

Table: The Biggest Events in Moscow

Event	Period	Info & Highlights	Admission
Victory Day	May 9	Military parade on Red Square, fireworks	Free
Moscow Film Festival	June – July	International film screenings	Depending on the screening
Spasskaya Tower Festival	Late August – early September	Military music festival with impressive parades	From approx. €20
Moscow City Day	First September weekend	Street festivals, concerts, fireworks	Free
New Year Celebrations	December 31 – January 7	Fireworks, Christmas markets, ice skating	Free

Five Exciting Places to Visit in Moscow

1. Kolomenskoe Park – A former tsarist estate featuring beautiful churches and gardens. Particularly noteworthy is the Ascension Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2. Sparrow Hills (Vorobyovy Gory) – One of the most beautiful viewpoints in Moscow, offering a panoramic view of the entire city. The famous Lomonosov University is also located here.
3. Izmailovo Market – The best place for traditional Russian souvenirs, handicrafts, and antiques.
4. Novodevichy Convent and Cemetery – An impressive ensemble of monasteries, whose cemetery is the final resting place of famous personalities such as Boris Yeltsin and Anton Chekhov.
5. VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy) – A vast open-air museum of Soviet architecture with impressive pavilions and a space museum.

Three Recommendations in Moscow for Couples

1. Boat Trip on the Moskva River – Enjoy Moscow from the water, especially beautiful at sunset with a view of the Kremlin.
2. Dining with a View at the White Rabbit Restaurant – One of the best restaurants in Moscow, offering a spectacular view of the city.
3. Stroll Along Old Arbat – The historic pedestrian zone is ideal for a romantic walk with street performers and cafes.

Three Recommendations in Moscow for Singles

1. Nightlife in Krasny Oktyabr – A former chocolate factory, now the center of clubs, bars, and the art scene.
2. Museum Tour of Moscow – Visit the Pushkin Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, or the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art.
3. Street Food Tour at Danilovsky Market – Perfect for trying out Russian and international cuisine.

Three Recommendations in Moscow for Families

1. Moscow Zoo – One of the oldest zoos in Europe with over 1,000 species of animals.
2. Experimentanium Science Museum – An interactive science museum for children and adults.
3. Gorky Park – A huge recreational park with playgrounds, bike rentals, and ice skating rinks in winter.

Three Hotel Recommendations in Moscow

1. Metropol Hotel – A historic luxury hotel right on Red Square, showcasing classic elegance.
2. Radisson Collection Hotel – One of the legendary “Seven Sisters” skyscrapers offering a great view of the Moskva River.
3. StandArt Hotel Moscow – A modern boutique hotel near Tverskaya Street.

Important Behavior Rules and No-Gos in Moscow

Even though Moscow is an open-minded city, there are some things you should keep in mind.

🚫 Drinking Alcohol in Public – This is prohibited and can lead to hefty fines.
🚫 Critical Political Conversations in Public – Be cautious with political discussions, especially in public transport.
🚫 Using the Metro Without a Ticket – The Moscow Metro is strictly monitored.

✔️ Giving Tips – 10% is common in restaurants.
✔️ Always Carry Your Passport – Identity checks are frequent in Russia.
✔️ Use Safe Taxis – Only use official taxis or apps like Yandex.Taxi.

Public Transport in Moscow

Moscow has one of the best public transport systems in the world, which can take you quickly and affordably around the city.

• Metro: Over 250 stations, many of which are architectural masterpieces. A ride costs about 50 rubles (approx. 0.50 €).
• Buses & Trams: Complement the metro system and travel to remote districts.
• Yandex.Taxi & Uber: Safer and cheaper than regular taxis.
• E-Scooters & Bicycles: Rental stations are available in many neighborhoods for short trips.

Tip: The Troika Card is a rechargeable fare card that can be used on the metro, buses, and trams.

The Weather in Moscow – When Is the Best Time to Travel?

Moscow has a continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.

Season	Temperature (°C)	Precipitation
Winter	-10 to -20°C	Snow, ice
Spring	5 to 15°C	Moderate
Summer	20 to 30°C	Warm, occasional thunderstorms
Autumn	5 to 15°C	Cool nights, rain

Best Travel Time: May to September – Pleasant temperatures and long days.

How to Get to Moscow

Moscow is easily accessible from many European cities.

• By Plane: Three major airports: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), and Vnukovo (VKO).
• By Train: The high-speed train “Sapsan” connects Moscow with St. Petersburg in about 4 hours.
• By Car: Moscow is connected to the rest of Russia via the M11 and M4, but traffic jams are common.

Moscow is a city full of contrasts – here, centuries-old history meets modern skyscrapers, and vibrant city life meets expansive parks. Whether you're interested in culture, architecture, or cuisine – the Russian capital will captivate you!